The
response to slumping gasoline use would likely mean higher prices for
drivers. Consumer advocates want regulators to examine the firms’ plans.

Some
of the nation’s biggest oil companies are looking at permanently
reducing how much gasoline and diesel fuel they make, a move that
analysts say would almost certainly trigger higher prices for drivers.

Energy companies are suffering huge losses from refining because of
slumping gasoline use — a product of the economic downturn and
changing consumer habits and preferences. Energy experts say refining
cutbacks have already begun and will accelerate as corporations strive
for profits.

Major refiners have been circumspect about their plans, saying they are
considering options that could include closing refineries, selling
parts of their operations, laying off workers or slashing spending.

"Refineries will have to be closed," said Fadel Gheit, senior energy
analyst with Oppenheimer & Co. "Unless this excess capacity is
permanently shuttered, a recovery in refining margins is unsustainable."

This week, Chevron Corp. launched an overhaul of its fuel-making and
retailing business with a plan to cut at least 2,000 jobs, put a
refinery in Wales up for sale and take a hard look at its Hawaii
refinery.

Royal Dutch Shell said it is reviewing its refinery operations
with the idea of keeping only those with the best growth potential.
Sunoco Inc. has sold one plant and said last month that its previously
idled Eagle Point, N.J., refinery was being shut down permanently.

Valero Energy Corp., the nation’s largest refiner, last year
closed a Delaware refinery, laying off 500 workers, and mothballed a
plant in Aruba.

"We’re actually assessing the entire East Coast, whether we should be
there or not," Valero Chief Executive William R. Klesse told executives
at a recent energy summit.

Energy industry executives say they are facing up to what was
previously inconceivable: that the nation’s appetite for petroleum
products may never return to levels seen earlier in the decade, even if
a strong economic recovery takes hold.

"None of us will sell more gasoline than we did in 2007," Tony Heyward,
group chief executive for oil giant BP, said during a recent earnings
teleconference.

For motorists, talk of refinery cuts promises to be anything but cheap.
It’s feared that leaner supplies will translate into higher pump prices
punctuated by expensive spikes when operations are disrupted by weather
or other events.

Avid travelers Peter and Kathie Woelper of Squaw Valley, Calif., find that a sobering prospect.

The Woelpers — he’s 71, she’s 70 — live on a fixed income. The couple
just returned from a drive to the Vancouver Olympic Games in their 1997
Toyota Rav4, which gets 27 mpg. Trips like that will become rare should
gas prices soar.

"There’s no reason why gasoline should be as expensive as it is right
now, and we are down to a panic situation, money-wise," Peter Woelper
said.

Consumer advocates want regulators to probe refinery closures or consolidations that slash supply.

"We know from internal documents from the last time we had a situation
like this, in the 1990s, that there was an intentional strategy on the
part of some companies to drive up profit margins by shuttering or
closing refineries," said Tyson Slocum, director of Public Citizen’s
energy program. "Consumer prices will be acutely sensitive to any
significant change in refining capacity."

Judy Dugan, research director for the Santa Monica-based advocacy group
Consumer Watchdog, said that "closing or selling refineries to others
who would limit production would be a serious case of corporate
irresponsibility."

Refiners say they’re merely trying to improve profits so they can keep making gasoline.

"There have been dozens of investigations by state and federal
agencies, including some with subpoena power, and not one has ever
found evidence of any conspiracy or collusion to manipulate prices,"
said Tupper Hull, spokesman for the Western States Petroleum Assn.

If gasoline doesn’t seem particularly cheap these days, that’s because
operators are keeping a tight lid on production; U.S. and European
refineries are running at the lowest rate in more than a decade, Gheit
said.

Still, when compared with demand, there are too many refineries , he
said, and an estimated 3 million barrels a day of excess capacity in
the U.S. and Europe must disappear to achieve sustained improvement in
earnings.

That would be like eliminating 10 refineries worldwide the size of the
270,000-barrel-a-day Chevron facility in El Segundo — and its
1,000-plus jobs. Other estimates of excess refinery capacity are even
higher.

Valero Energy provides a window into the industry’s changing fortunes.

Five years ago, Wall Street loved the San Antonio-based firm. Valero
had seen a fivefold increase in share price in 2005, and fourth-quarter
earnings for that year were the company’s best ever.

Now Valero finds itself in a much different position. It was nearly $2
billion in the red at the end of last year, and its fourth-quarter
results were among the company’s worst ever, with losses of about $1.4
billion.

The recession contributed to declining fuel demand. But in that same period, vast — some think permanent — changes happened.

Americans drove less and switched to vehicles that got better mileage
or didn’t use gasoline at all. They used mass transit in record
numbers. Baby boomers began retiring and stopped commuting. And
gasoline gained even more of something that didn’t have to be refined
from oil — ethanol.

Few in the refining industry saw what was happening. The belief,
particularly after hurricanes Katrina and Rita temporarily devastated
the Gulf Coast petroleum network in 2005, was that more refineries were
needed.

In the wake of the twin hurricanes, the average U.S. price of regular
gasoline jumped nearly 18% to $3.07 a gallon — a high for the year. In
2008, Hurricane Ike’s disruption of refinery operations briefly took
prices above $5 a gallon in some parts of the nation.

Critics complained that no new U.S. refinery had been built since 1976,
leaving the country’s gasoline supplies vulnerable. In fact, between
1998 and 2009, U.S. refining capacity increased by 2.2 million barrels
a day, to 17.67 million barrels a day, by adding equipment and
improving processes at existing facilities, Energy Department data show.

Refiners raked in big profits from 2003 to 2006, but "by 2007, it was
largely over," said Tom Kloza, chief oil analyst for the Oil Price
Information Service, an energy information firm in Wall, N.J. "Now,
along with very weak demand numbers for gasoline, everything points to
biofuels getting a larger and larger share in the future."

Some people worry that refiners may cut so much that price surges will become inevitable.

"The question is whether they are going to over-adjust," said Phil
Flynn, an energy analyst for PFGBest Research. "Probably, they will."

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